System for Occupational Health and Safety Management

Framework for Occupational Health and Safety Management 1.1 General Overview Agape Homes Trust gives scholarly inability level consideration to grown-ups in private and day care. The trust offers types of assistance to create people aptitudes, abilities and intrigue and help them to carry on with an incorporated life. The chief administers to two consideration places. There is a settled supervisory group supporting the running of the inside. The administration has a clinical organizer, a group chief, four help laborers. A shortage distinguished in this review around staff preparing and different records has been tended to. Wellbeing and Safety System Review report Strategies and Procedures Strategies and methodology are checked on normal premise and refreshed to reflect best practice, guidelines and enactment. Strategies are in put and recorded reasonably to decide aptitude blend and staffing levels. Program is accommodated proper inclusion for viable conveyance of administrations to the customer consistently. The trust utilizes a blend of PC based getting ready for cares and documentation based data. The drawn out consideration plan is PC based and a printed out outline set before the customers document. There is a way of life survey for inhabitants which gives data in regards to the occupants over a wide span of time different preferences. Intercession are arranged round those side interests with set time period. Certain exercises are arranged out also. Food, culture, strict convictions are additionally thought of. Mishap records Meeting with the Team chief it was discovered that the trust has no occurrence and mishap record document nearby. All mishap and episode reports are documentation, examined inside 24 hours of event. Answered to and checked on by the clinical facilitator. Remedial measures started quickly and information ordered on the information base and the desk work sent to the principle office where it is kept in document. Principles NZS8134:2008 Health and Disability Services Standards are followed in arrangements guaranteeing suitable standard consent to customers rights and administrations gave in a way that customers are regarded, limits hurt, encourage decision and recognizes people culture, worth and convictions. Additionally benefits are adequately imparted to the inhabitants and their whanau. ISO standard is additionally followed in strategies where there is food dealing with included and to guarantee administrations are solid and of value for inhabitants, whanau and staff. Set of working responsibilities Every single individual at Agape Trust is dependable to consent to current word related Health and Safety (OSH) enactment and wellbeing at work. Everybody works securely consistently; utilizes wellbeing hardware gave; recognize risks and report quickly; urge others to work securely; observing of own wellbeing and measures to improve when vital. Likewise sheltered clearing of occupants and others during crisis; keep up safe condition for self, staff and inhabitants. The General Manager is to be accounted for of any worry with respect to security or some other issues. Preparing Records Couldn't site the preparation records as it kept in the workplace consistently. Meeting with the group chief the accompanying data was accumulated. At the point when required or mentioned by group pioneer, be engaged with hands on preparing and administration direction of staff and volunteers. In house wellbeing and security preparing in type of enlistment gave to new laborers and volunteers. All staff to have a legitimate First Aid Certificate, take part in supplemental class, outer preparing and capability dependent on guaranteed preparing. Manuals Manuals on the most proficient method to utilize types of gear accessible and kept in records. No composed wellbeing rules created and posted around the hardware. Little endeavor is made to control risky focuses on hardware. For instance the treadmill is situated close to the entryway to the clothing. Manuals on working with hardware and risky substances can without much of a stretch be acquired at whenever. Danger Register Danger Register refreshed and got to effectively for taking care of normal issues, perils, causes with controls and choices to help control. It likewise has instruments, assets and contextual investigations. The register comprise of danger, for example, slips,trips,falls, manual taking care of, hitting writing material items, testing practices, presentation to injury, stress, working environment brutality, working environment tormenting, security, move work and perilous substances. The dangers recorded were limited, killed or confined. It has been refreshed by the General Manager and initials of every laborer subsequent to perusing and getting it. Inventories All inventories are written by hand in books and refreshed every other month premise by the group chief and the clinical organizer. Inventories expiry is checked and harmed gear supplanted or fixed. The information is then moved to the PC for records. Wellbeing and Safety System Hierarchical Requirement Have they been met? (No, incompletely, for the most part, completely) Strategies and Procedures Completely met Strategies and methods are checked and refreshed. The security strategies are in groups that are effectively comprehended and uncommon correspondence needs of individuals utilizing the structure mulled over also. The staffs knows about the wellbeing and security courses of action at the work place. There are approaches and techniques around squander the executives, cleaning, clothing. Crisis the executives and the staff are completely mindful of them. Arrangements and strategies additionally in set for safe practice and staffs are firmly observed all occasions. Hierarchical Management Generally met There is sufficient qualified staff on the job at the Trust all occasions. The trust gives cares to exceptionally poor customers with scholarly incapacity so experienced and qualified staff ought to be accessible at record-breaking. The staff chicken is refreshed week after week. So the staffs have gotten sufficient direction and preparing before beginning work. Mishap Records Not met There are no records of past mishap records at the Trust. All mishap records are sent to the primary office where information is moved to the PC and the paper put away in document. Authoritative prerequisite. The trust ought to have a mishap record document with past mishap records present at the premises as this may help for future references. Gauges Completely Met Checking with occupants, meet with group pioneer, staff guaranteed that approaches bolster buyer rights under this norm. Occupants all around educated regarding their privileges; individual security is ensured and endures no segregation. Authoritative Requirements The principles have been endorsed by Ministry of Health under the Act and set the norms for wellbeing and inability administrations. Measures have been looked into yearly which incorporates general gauges, center principles, contamination counteraction and control norms, restriction minimisation guidelines, hierarchical administration and giving of safe condition. Expected set of responsibilities Completely Met All staff at the Trust has clear jobs and duties and their utilization their insight and aptitudes to advance a positive wellbeing and security culture in the working environment. As authoritative and administrative prerequisite, every laborer needs to consent to wellbeing approaches and rehearses and their assistance in arranging, actualizing and checking of defensive and deterrent security measures at work environment. All staff has composed sets of expectations and composed duplicate of their terms and states of work before initiating with the activity. Preparing Records Not met Staff documents not refreshed. Report, for example, preparing attempted and finished not found. Authoritative prerequisite Long standing staff needs their competency and abilities evaluated to decide the requirement for additional preparation. The trust needs staff preparing and advancement projects to look after abilities, meet the changing needs of the occupants, satisfy the points of the Trust and understanding the arrangements and methodology of the association and appropriate capable to do their jobs. The Manager ought to guarantee that base compulsory preparing necessities for all his staff are met and refreshed on normal premise and records are kept up Manuals Completely Met Manual of each gear present for security reasons. The manuals are refreshed by the administration on standard premise. Duplicates of manual printed out and set in territories where it tends to be handily gotten to. Risk Register Incompletely Met. The Hazard Register isn't refreshed, certain hazard was distinguished yet remedial estimates despite everything should be set up. The register has composed affirmation of all legal identifying with fire security and principles went along during fire drill. Hierarchical prerequisite The director needs to guarantee that the hazard evaluation is done for all regions of work. To deal with the recognized hazard that have been recorded, remedial activity must be actualized and all staff to know about any dangers distinguished and a control set up. The Manager needs to audit the hazard the executives records on standard premise. He likewise needs to see to the occasions including mishaps wounds and occurrences of fire records and fire drills. Staff utilizes proper defensive apparel and gear reasonable for the work to lessen the danger of mischief and wounds to other people and furthermore to themselves. Inventories In part Met. All inventories are recorded and later information moved to the PC for future reference. The association saves all the necessary inventories for wellbeing reasons. The messed up and old hardware ought to be disposed of and supplanted with the new gear. Hierarchical necessity To diminish the danger of damage and security old, broken gear ought to be supplanted. 1.2 Wellbeing and Safety Systems Authoritative Requirement Hierarchical Requirements Strategies and Procedures Completely Met Strategies and methodology conform to wellbeing and security enactment for keeping up and giving wellbeing and solid work place, limit hazard in work practice for government assistance of eve

Comparative Foreign Policy

Near Foreign Policy Presentation The outfitted clash in Syria is the biggest compassionate emergency confronting the world right now. A large number of guiltless Syrians have been murdered, and there are still no reasonable plans from the worldwide network on the most proficient method to end this emergency (Russell, 2012).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Comparative Foreign Policy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the contradiction between significant forces ought to be accused on this disappointment. For example, China and the US have contrasted on pretty much every proposition planned for stopping the barbarities in Syria. The international strategies of the two nations are altogether different. China carefully holds fast to the rule of non-intercession while the US accepts that outside mediation is vital when a nation is confronted with a significant compassionate emergency. Hence, except if one of the two nations changes its remain on Syria, a br isk answer for the emergency won't be found. This paper analyzes the United States’ and China’s international strategies on Syria. An Overview of the Crisis in Syria is as of now amidst equipped clash. This contention is essentially between rebel contenders contradicted to President Bashar al Asad rule and powers faithful to him. As per Sharp and Blanchard (2012), different sources guarantee that around 25,000 Syrians have been murdered since the emergency began. Most individuals from the inward network accept that the Syrian president will be constrained out of intensity. In any case, no particular plans or dependable schedules on how this will be done are on offer. Syria’s emergency is, in this manner, exemplified by vulnerability and mistaken assumptions (Russell, 2012). While the universal network is bantering on the most ideal methods of mediating in Syria, the contention is developing. This is a genuine danger to the region’s steadiness. There is a high likelihood that this contention may overflow to neighboring countries.Advertising Looking for paper on universal relations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More what's more, the distress may make new rearing reason for Al-Qaeda and other fanatic association. The circumstance in Syria has a nearby similarity what exactly occurred in the Kashmir district. Kashmir held key fear based oppressor bunches as the unrests gave magnificent preparing destinations to them (Hilali, 2004). Thus, this contention occupied consideration from the war against fear. Significant Differences Between the US’ and China’s Foreign Policies The United Nations (UN) General Assembly goals 2131 (XX) proclaimed that all nations should lead their undertakings freely (McWhinney, n.d.). Also, the standard of non-intercession disallows any state from intruding in the inside undertakings of another free state (Adjei, 2005) Although the UN Charter p recludes the utilization of power or any military mediation in the inner issues of a nation, it allows the utilization of significant power in outrageous circumstances (Kinacioglu, n.d.). Hence, the standards of the option to ensure (R2P) and one-sided compassionate mediation are favored over the rule of non-intercession in many intercessions. As per Peters (2009), power is gotten from individuals and, along these lines, their privileges, intrigue, and security ought to be organized. State power, thusly, has a legitimate worth just when it regards human rights (Halt, 2012). The United States has utilized such arrangements to include itself in other countries’ issues. Then again, China has clung to the rule of non-intercession and its translation. Therefore, China’s and United States’ international strategies are altogether different. This clarifies why there are such huge numbers of differences between these nations on the worldwide front.Advertising We will com pose a custom paper test on Comparative Foreign Policy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, these contradictions are not beneficial since they hinder the way toward settling significant helpful emergencies confronting the world. For example, the global network is yet to concoct an arrangement to end the progressing common war in Syria. US Policy on Syria Since the 1980s, US strategy towards Syria has rotated around encounter, careful commitment, and control (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). In this manner, progressive US governments have looked to persuade Syria to end its help for Hezbollah in Lebanon and radicals inside Palestine. Likewise, these administrations have empowered harmony talks among Syria and Israel. In any case, the Obama organization is seeking after different approaches. A portion of these arrangements incorporate interest for a political progress, universal strategy, sanctions, compassionate guide, and non-deadly guide. Other approach measur es toward Syria incorporate shrewd coordination, interruption of arms shipment to the nation and possibility arranging. The US, through the administration of President Obama, has been calling for Asad’s acquiescence since a year ago (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Additionally, the Obama organization has likewise compelled the United Nations Security to denounce the continuous outrages in Syria. Likewise, US policymakers, as a team with the global network, are taking a shot at an improved worldwide arrangement on Syria (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Notwithstanding, the US is yet to give any insight on whether it will utilize its military in Syria (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). In this way, the discussion on the United States’ method of intercession in Syria proceeds. Some Congressmen and non-legislative eyewitnesses feel that the barbarities submitted on Syrians individuals warrants a military intercession (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). They accept that the US should now seek after its objective of system change.Advertising Searching for paper on global relations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In any case, different partners keep up that system change in Syria will have negative ramifications on the region’s security (Glaser, 2012). These partners accept that Syrian resistance is penetrated with radical components. The US is, therefore, just authorizing the United Nations-sponsored endorses on Syria and supporters of the Asad’s government right now. Notwithstanding, there are different mediations that are not very open. The US has given Syria philanthropic help since the beginning of this emergency. For example, in August 2012, the US discharged $82 million to address Syria’s philanthropic necessities and those of its neighbors (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Likewise, the US has been giving non-deadly guide to the Syrian restriction. A portion of these non-deadly guides incorporate meds and correspondence gear (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Sharp and Blanchard (2012) additionally include that the US is likewise furnishing restriction contenders who are not associated with fear monger gatherings. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is committed to vet restriction bunches in Syria (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Moreover, the US and its partners, inside the area, are likewise attempting to forestall Assad’s powers from accepting extra arms. For example, the US organization forced Iraq to close its air space to load flights conveying weapons to Syria (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). A few sources guarantee that the Obama organization is thinking about a military mediation in Syria (Sanger and Schmitt, 2012). The organization feels that this emergency has arrived at a point where it requires to be checked. Also, the organization is careful about the proceeded with nearness of China and Russia in the emergency. The US military is additionally covertly building up an emergency course of action in status for potential intercessions in Syria (Sharp and Blanchard, 2012). Furthermore, in spite of the fact that the contention is proceeding, a few sources express that the US is getting ready for a system change in Syria. In such manner, the US is attempting to unite the restriction gatherings. Be that as it may, Russell (2012) calls any intercessions in Syria tricky. He guarantees that the US isn't prepared to make a form of the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. China’s Policy on Syria Since its sanctioning, China has consistently complied with the guideline of non-intercession. The administration of China accepts that no nations ought to meddle with the interior issues of sovereign states (Swaine, 2012). Beijing just sends emissaries to nations confronting significant helpful emergencies to call for limitation, however never intercedes in some other way. Thusly, China is against the utilization of power in reestablishing mental soundness in significant compassionate emergencies (Swaine, 2012). Swaine (2012) likewise emphasizes that China has consistently been against sanctions and other coercive methods of forcing an autonomous state into carrying on with a specific goal in mind. China likewise accepts that remote mediations drove by the United States and the West are propelled by a longing to change a system (Swaine, 2012). China proceeds to keep up that recipients of these progressions are utilized by the US and the West against it. In this manner, Beijing is probably not going to join the worldwide network in significant intercessions. Hence, China’s remain on the Syrian emergency depends on standards and qualities. These qualities have described China all through its cutting edge history. This clarifies why China has stayed with Assad’s system all through this contention. China has opposed western weight and kept up that Assad ought not be deposed powerfully. Be that as it may, China has ceaselessly required a stop in Syria. Be that as it may, China is understanding that issues confronting bombed states or temperamental government are not kidding dangers to its security and eco nomy. Thus, China has given indications of supporting a few intercessions (Swaine, 2012). For example, China neglected to utilize its veto forces to coalition

Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fund - Research Paper Example Numerous measurements have been created to facilitate this procedure. Confronted with an excessive amount of data, Investors now and again get mistook for no away from of what the genuine costs of stocks ought to be. (Penman, 2003). Under such conditions, the financial specialist either settle on choice dependent on their nature, such speculators as per Penman (2003) are instinctive financial specialists while other people who settle on their choice dependent on capital market effectiveness are alluded to as detached speculators. This piece of the inquiry tends to the exhibition of another dare to be set up to empower us make educated judgment regarding a hold a purchase or sell choice. In this manner, the goal of this inquiry is to investigate the liquidity, the gainfulness and dissolvability position of the new set up from data extricated from the anticipated benefit and misfortune account, the asset report and the income articulation. The report don't just give a money related outline of the new pursuit for the anticipated three years time frame. The inquiry likewise, direct potential financial specialists on where the business is coming from and where it is making a beeline for. Net revenue accept that without different costs what level of deals goes to the enterprise as benefit, while net overall revenue thinks about all the costs and measures what level of deals comes in as benefit after the various costs more likely than not been deducted. It is imperative to note here that, proportion examination in them is pointless aside from when contrasted and the business benchmark or different contenders. 2010 2011 2012 Key Data Deals 488000 536312 589943 Cost of Sales 277650 358168 392947 Net Profit 210351 178144 196996 Working Profit/Loss 39441 84173 93080.8 Rates % 2010 2011 2012 Development in Sales (%) 10.0 10.0 Net Profit Margin (%) 43.2 33.1 33.4 Net Profit Margin (%) 8.1 15.7 15.8 From the above investigation and translation, one will see that our proposed new pursuit is an attainable and beneficial business. While net revenue for the initial three years under projection is above 30%, net revenue likewise depicts an ideal circumstance. Investigation of Capital Employed As indicated by Penman (2003), resources and liabilities are recognized dependent on the idea of the tasks the hidden activity and the subsidizing structure. The basic activity is spoken to by the working resources of the business. Working resources are otherwise called capital utilized - the measure of capital that is utilized in the business. Here, it is characterized similar to the absolute resources with no reasoning for the lenders of the business. 000s 2010 2011 2012 Key Data Current Assets 131079 167081 229919 Fixed Assets 33362 89033 127526 Complete Assets 164441 256114 357445 Rates % 2010 2011 2012 Current assests 80 65 64 Fixed Assets 20 35 36 Key information and ROCE 2010 2011 2012 Complete Assets 164441 256114 357445 Benefit Before Interest& Tax 52588 112230 124108 ROCE (%) 32 44 35 This proportion ROCE gauges how well a business has acted as far as the capital used to complete the day by day tasks. As indicated by Penman (2003), it is a key exhibition marker and may show a decrease despite the fact that the net revenue has gone up. This will uncover the way that the expansion in

What was the most important reason for the growth of Western economic Assignment

What was the most significant purpose behind the development of Western financial and political force after c.1750 - Assignment Example Numerous researchers contend that industrialization procedure was the main source for expanded financial, social and political changes in the Western. Indeed, westerners encountered the enormous continuous development time frame after 1750 age, which was set apart as the primary eminent uniqueness time. This was the period when the westerners began encountering expanded per capita pay and supported development across differing districts comprehensively. This made economies, for example, Asia and Eastern Europe well-to-do yet Western Europe got prosperous than their partners. Along these lines, this paper centers around modern insurgency as the primary explanation for expanding financial development and political force in the western after 1750 age. Modern unrest in the western that was set apart by quick financial and political changes was the principle explanation for expanded advancement in the western before the 1750s. Different improvements shone by the start of industrialization in the prior period made monetary and political changes. ... For example, the Great Britain created after 1750 because of political force and financial changes that was an aftereffect of industrialization (Goldstone 2000, p. 176). Numerous districts began encountering new improvement changes particularly in design. Rising contrasts among the medieval and prior present day strict practices additionally prompted huge changes in the economy because of political changes that was a consequence of industrialization. Numerous economies underlined on the critical of logical angles that prompted new advancement in the western religion. The western area underlined on the more prominent ability to continue financial development and political improvement after some time. Along these lines, they focused on the utilization of innovation just as rolled out huge improvements in the political framework that prompted expanded democratization in the work environment. Besides, the consistent movement came about because of exchanging exercises, which was related b y expanded infrastructural improvement. Numerous westerners propelled their business exchange particularly the European along the Atlantic shore of Africa. They were roused by the need to discover the methods through East Asia in business exercises. The Atlantic Ocean business exercises that at last prompted intersections to Pacific marine prompted better financial turn of events. This is a direct result of the adjustments in innovation, exchange and worldwide cooperations that brought numerous nations together. The new sea advances made worldwide communications conceivable; therefore making changes in the exchanging designs over the globe. The slave business exercises enlarged on the grounds that the European settlements in the United States depended significantly on the slave business exercises. Numerous dealers got more extravagant through the slave exchange exercises as the slave exchange exercises were

A Study On The European Identity

A Study On The European Identity Despite the fact that the idea of aggregate character is a post-pilgrim wonder, a couple of countries would depict themselves under an aggregate personality before the advanced occasions of the nineteenth Century. Actually, Europe is verifiably novel in wording that it has been the individuals living in the landmass of Europe who have tenaciously depicted themselves as Europeans since the seventeenth Century (Pagden, 2002). Without a doubt, European Union developed as the most significant endeavor for making a supranational substance in the Continent and the best case of a Pan-European basic way of life as even the words Europe and the European Union are being utilized as equivalent words by a huge number of individuals consistently. In any case, a vulnerability of a typical personality has consistently been the situation for Europeans since forever and the physical just as social fringes of Europe has never been unmistakably known for quite a long time which are loaded with wars, pr essures, rivalry and blood. Today, a similar issue keeps on existing and many accept that it is the central point hindering the endeavors for accomplishing a completely incorporated Europe, as the definition and wildernesses of a typical European character is as yet obscure. Without a doubt, one of the most significant issues of the European joining from a socio-political viewpoint is the unclear idea of a typical European character including possibilities of European Union Citizenship. Albeit a typical European personality had been long around for a considerable length of time, these are genuinely new issues in pertinence to the 50 years in length history of todays European Union. In any case, I accept how the regular European personality is characterized is significant for the future strides of the mix procedure, as these days the EU is experiencing change towards a political association with an expect to turn into a worldwide on-screen character in the global political field. What will be the components of a typical European personality, in what manner will it be formulized in the event that it is to turn into an effective develop which would characterize Europe accurately to end the endeavors that went on for so long? I accept a triumphant normal European character must incorporate the solid and representative real factors and it must be attached to the decent variety of societies which had been made by the long history of Europe (DAppollonia, 2002). Something else, on the off chance that it stays as a type of dainty character recommended by Habermas (2006), the issues and vulnerabilities of European way of life just as the ineffectively working European Union citizenship is well on the way to exist in the Unions not so distant. Truth be told, a typical European character must be effectively built by considering all the ambiguities, logical inconsistencies and improvements in type of a solidarity in assorted variety guideline which can be applied to the truth of Europe as opposed to building a shallow and counterfeit develop as it is by all accounts today. Hypothetically, an assembled Europe in political terms is made conceivable if a unified Europe in social terms is built up through planning an aggregate regular character which may just be considered as an assortment of different and complex qualities made by muddled elements of Europes long history. By the by, an assembled Europe in social terms will not mean a homogenous and carefully requested European culture; rather the European character will observe Europes long convention of assorted variety. Another significant inquiry is in what capacity should European Union citizenship be characterized and what ought to be the outskirts of social ramifications of such a political plan. Considering the wide social assorted variety and long history that the individual individuals from the European Union had share in the European landmass, an aggregate personality may end up being awfully unpredictable to build, so one may contend that a typical European character is as yet a figment. In spite of the fact that Europeans have an effectively shaped a typical financial and progressively political association, they are still far away from the ideal degree of social solidarity and a typical character which is by all accounts a disturbing component for the following phases of the European coordination. In any case, European Union citizenship is a region open to improvements and it may be utilized as a fundamentally significant instrument by the European Union pioneers to aggregate a typical Eu ropean personality, just on the off chance that it is formulized effectively. The basic point on the discussion of European Union citizenship is that the prevailing Classical Model of Citizenship depends on the structures of country state and that is the reason this model can't be applied to the European Union, as it is an entire distinctive degree of association. Then again, Post-National citizenship is a cutting edge way to deal with the issue of European character and it is appropriate to Europe so as to arrive at its objectives of unification and developing through structure a more grounded regular personality in the 21st Century. This paper is sorted out in a few areas. European personality from an authentic point of view is broke down in the initial segment; the present status of European character and the issue of national personalities as opposed to the basic European character is talked about in the accompanying section; another European character and recommendations for another definition is given in the third section; a concise history of European Union endeavors and progress on building a typical character is analyzed in the fourth part; lastly the parts of European Union Citizenship is examined in the fifth piece of this paper. All things considered, this paper contends that a typical character in type of an aggregate European personality is unmistakably fundamental for the Union at this phase of combination, and it is a pivotal component for the eventual fate of the European coordination venture particularly as our reality is getting littler just as increasingly divided at the same time because of the mind boggling elements of universal relations consistently at the time of globalization. European Citizenship is especially associated with the issue of European character and it is the way to accomplishing such a solid basic European personality when it is formulized as a Post-National marvel. The Europeans must get their capacity from the decent variety of their societies by building a thick character for Europe as opposed to a dainty personality which comprises of only political rights; yet the Europeans will not neglect the uniqueness of the Continent and the likenesses they share in contrast with the rem ainder of the world stressed by the Unity in Diversity guideline. Today, it is the ideal opportunity for the Europeans to join under one rooftop in socio-political terms, total the long standing errand of characterizing the limits of the European development by building up a typical and aggregate European personality so as to carry on the advancement of the European reconciliation venture in a globalized world. In any case, the topic of conceivable outcomes of the Europeans to accomplish such an elevated level of social just as political solidarity stays an inquiry and it is dependent upon an entire diverse degree of research. Be that as it may, regularly observed as a provincial result of globalization itself, I accept the European mix venture can't advance any further without accomplishing a typical European character which is more basic than any other time in recent memory today so as to conquer the difficulties of globalization in the 21st Century. Personality has consistently been a tricky idea since it is dubious, liquid and profoundly adaptable. Personality is simply the best approach to characterize ones and to separate from the others. Whenever taken truly, character implies equivalent, indistinguishable. Personality isn't static yet powerful, and it tends to be characterized in various manners in various conditions. Character is build, which can't be developed promptly yet just in time. It's anything but a fixed, steady and pre-given substance; while personality development is vigorously reliant on how one is seen by the others. Recognizable proof infers having a place or enrollment, thusly which suggests the avoidance of non-individuals (Bretherton Vogler,1999: 236).In different words, the sole motivation behind personality is to isolate self from the others one might say. Also, characters are numerous in nature, or even multicolored. An individual may have a solitary personality, yet it will be comprised of numerous deg rees of reliability and distinguishing proof (Von Benda-Beckmann Verkuyten, 1995: 18). In the mean time, characters change, since they depend on recognitions, which themselves change after some time and condition; as it is conceivable to distinguish ones self with more than each thing in turn, for example, class and sexual orientation, or religion and age. Along these lines there are different components of ones character and these different components in a personality likely could be opposing (Von Benda-Beckmann Verkuyten, 1995: 12). Then again, an aggregate personality implies the perspectives, which all individuals from that gathering share for all intents and purpose in their musings and conduct; which separates them from the other (Munch, 2001: 137). Aggregate characters can give existential importance to individuals, subsequently they are essential methods for solidarity in a general public which give extra soundness particularly during times of change. Aggregate personalities can produce a level of progression among people and their social condition, and can give social acknowledgment and endorsement (Von Benda-Beckmann Verkuyten, 1995: 24). In this way, aggregate characters are characterized mostly by culture from a recorded perspective as opposed to natural qualities, ethnicity, patriotism or straightforward political rights. At last, It they are utilized to develop network and sentiments of attachment and comprehensive quality, an idea to give the feeling that all people are equivalent in the envisioned network (Strath, 2002: 387). From the viewpoint of political theory; there are two sorts of political personalities: a metro character and a social character. The social meaning of political personality involves a feeling of having a place of a person towards a specific gathering which can generally characterized by its uniform social or ethnic qualities. Then again, the city meaning of political character invol

Medications and Serotonin Syndrome Causes

Medications and Serotonin Syndrome Causes Panic Disorder Treatment Print Medications and Serotonin Syndrome By Sheryl Ankrom linkedin Sheryl Ankrom is a clinical professional counselor and nationally certified clinical mental health counselor specializing in anxiety disorders. Learn about our editorial policy Sheryl Ankrom Updated on August 12, 2019 Jonathan Nourok/Getty More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, there is increased risk of serotonin syndrome as a result of combining selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors SSNRIs with migraine headache medications called triptans. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) It is believed that the brain contains several hundred different types of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) that act as communication agents between different brain cells. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is important in regulating a variety of body functions and feelings. Low serotonin levels have been linked to depression and anxiety. SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. Reuptake is a process where neurotransmitters in the brain are reabsorbed and deactivated or recycled for future use. This causes an increase of serotonin levels, resulting in improved mood, decreased anxiety and inhibition of panic. SSRIs are considered the first-line treatment for panic disorder and include: Celexa (citalopram)Luvox (fluvoxamine)Prozac (fluoxetine)Paxil (paroxetine)Zoloft (sertraline) Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SSNRIs) SSNRIs inhibit the reabsorption of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. Norepinephrine is a chemical messenger in the brain that influences sleep and alertness. It is believed to be correlated to the fight-or-flight stress response. SSNRIs include: Cymbalta (duloxetine)Effexor, Effexor XR (venlafaxine) Triptans Triptans are a class of drugs commonly used to treat migraine or cluster headaches. They act on serotonin receptors in the brain, thereby affecting serotonin levels. Examples of triptans include: Amerge (naratriptan)Axert (almotriptan)Frova (frovatriptan)Imitrex (sumatriptan)Maxalt and Maxalt-MLT (rizatriptan)Relpax (eletriptan)Zomig and Zomig ZMT (zolmitriptan) In addition to the medications identified in the FDA advisory, other drugs are associated with alterations of serotonin levels in the brain, increasing the risk of serotonin syndrome. Tricyclic Antidepressants Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are named after the drugs’ “three-ringed” molecular structure. Prior to the introduction of SSRIs in the late 1980s, TCAs were the medication of choice for the treatment of major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and other anxiety disorders. TCAs are also used to treat certain pain syndromes and nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting). It is believed that TCAs function to increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain. Examples of TCAs include: Elavil (amitriptyline)Tofranil (imipramine)Sinequan (doxepin)Anafranil (clomipramine) Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) MAOIs are a class of antidepressants believed to increase levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in the brain. They are effective for the treatment of the major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and other anxiety disorders. Because of potentially dangerous interactions with certain foods, beverages, and other drugs, MAOIs are usually considered a last resort therapy. Examples of MAOIs include: Nardil (phenelzine)Parnate (tranylcypromine)Marplan ( isocarboxazid)Emsam (selegiline) Other Antidepressants Examples of other antidepressants include: Wellbutrin (bupropion)Desyrel (trazadone) Other Psychiatric Medications BuSpar (buspirone)Eskalith (lithium) Analgesics (Pain Killers) CodeineFentanylTramadol Antibiotic/Antiretroviral Medications Zyvox (linezolid)Norvir (ritonavir) Herbal Drugs/Dietary Supplements Hypericum Perforatum (St. John’s Wort)Ginseng/Panax Street Drugs AmphetaminesCocaineLSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) This list is not meant to be all-inclusive. To avoid increasing your risk of developing serotonin syndrome, tell your doctor about all drugs and dietary supplements you are taking. If you develop symptoms of serotonin syndrome, seek immediate medical attention.

Problem Questions and Answers on Company Law - Free Essay Example

Coursework 1 Adam, Belle, Claire and Dennis have decided to set up a new company which is private, limited by shares. Section 1 Incorporation Documentation Memorandum of Association (MoA) Under the Companies Act 1985[1] the Memorandum of Association[2] sets out a companys constitution and objectives. Its also forms the basis of a companys existence, by regulating external affairs (ss 2-6, CA85)[3]. The MoA was significantly simplified later by the Companies Act 2006[4]. Now, it requires the names of the first subscribers. Also under s 8 (1)(b)[5] it states that the first subscribers must be allotted with at least one share and automatically become members of the company. The new act merely evidences the subscribers` intention to form a new company and thus upon registration, the members need to authenticate it[6]. IN01 Form Along with the MoA, an application for registration and a statement of compliance must be delivered to the Companies House; referred to as the IN01 Form. The CA85 replaced various requirements of the MoA with the Application for Registration[7] (s. 9, CA06)[8], as well as speeding the manual process of the MoA`s content (ss 2 and 10, CA85)[9]. The information required is included in s 9(2), s 9(4), s 9(5) and 9(6) of CA06[10], and briefly this includes the company`s details such as the name, place of registered office, shares, capital, proposed officers and a copy of the company`s AoA. All these need to be delivered to the relevant registrar with the required fee[11]. Part 1 The company is identified by its name and serial number, hence they both need to be unique. As this is a private company, limited by shares, the correct suffix must be placed at the end; Limited or Ltd (s 59 (1), CA06)[12]. The name on the index can be checked by the WebCheck[13]. ABCD Limited is not available as it is already on the registrar. s 66(1), CA06[14] clearly states that a company cannot be registered by the same name as another company in the index of company names(s 1099)[15]. Friends Ltd is free in the registrar. However, it is not advised to use this name as a company FOURFRIENDS LTD is in the registrars index. Technically, you can use 4 Friends Ltd but under s 67(1), CA06[16], the Secretary of State[17] may judge that this will be passed off as a similar name. In that case, the company will have to change its name within 12 months of registration (s 68(2), CA06)[18], unless FOURFRIENDS LTD has given consent for the proposed name to be used. Adam Company Limited is available on the registrar, but in the index a company under the name ADAM COMPANY PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY is registered. Thus, as stated in Part 1 C. II, this is a matter of the SoS to decide upon. A Thru D Ltd is available on the registrar. Belle Co Ltd is already on the index and thus it cannot be used. See Part 1 C. I. The Red Cross Federation Limited cannot be used. To begin with, this will be interpreted as a misleading name (s 76(1), CA06)[19], as the company has nothing to do with the non-profit Red Cross organisation. In addition, even if the name is not interpreted as misleading, then under the Geneva Conventions Act 1957[20] it cannot be used under any circumstances. s 6(3)[21] Clearly prohibits anyone to use wording that is associated with the Red Cross Organisation[22]. Registered office (s 9 (2)(b), CA06[23]) A company requires a registered office at all times because this is where all communications and notices will be addressed[24]. In addition, under s 86, CA06[25] the registered office is the address stated available for inspection for any register, index or other document; and, that all documents by said company have the address mentioned[26]. A company that is registered in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“England and Walesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  cannot have a registered office in Scotland or Northern Ireland. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a different jurisdiction and upon registration they will have to state in what jurisdiction the company will be; A5 of the IN01 form (s 15 (2)(e), CA06)[27]. If a registered office is required in Scotland or in Northern Ireland, then a new company will have to be formed under the specific jurisdiction[28]. Articles of Association The Articles of Association[29] are the rules of a company and govern its internal affairs. In other words this is the constitution of the company (s 18, CA06[30]). In addition, it forms a statutory contract between its members and the company (s 33[31]). The first Option available on A7 of the IN01 form is to obtain model articles, also known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“off the shelfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008[32]). Option 2 again has to do with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“off the shelfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  articles but, you can add and/or amend provisions. The additional and/or amended provisions must be attached to the IN01 form. As opposed to Options 1 and 2, Option 3 is entirely new articles. For instance, all the provisions are drafted from scratch, known as bespoke articles; a copy of the bespoke must be submitted with the IN01 form[33]. As they want to amend certain articles, it is advised to use Option 2 and tick the first box (Private limited by shares) Section A8 of the IN01 form refers to entrenched articles. Entrenched articles are specified provisions which may be amended if conditions are met. However, they are more restrictive than those which only require a special resolution. Entrenchment may be made by the articles on formation or an amendment which is agreed by all the members of the company. However, the court can still order a company to alter its articles, even though they are entrenched (ss 22, 23, 24, CA06[34]). Part 2 Proposed Officers A Private company under s 270(1), CA06[35] does not require a company secretary. This however, was not the case before 1st of October 2009, when the CA06 came into force. Under s 283, CA85[36], every company was required to have a secretary. The functions of a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s secretary are not defined in the acts. However, a better understanding is made in the case of Re Maidstone Buildings Provisions Ltd[37]. The judgment held that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A secretary is not concerned in the management of the company. Equally, I think he is not concerned in carrying on the business of the company à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a person who holds the office of secretary may in some other capacity be concerned in the management of the company`s business[38].à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  A corporate secretary ensures the integrity of the governance framework, and for the efficient administration, for example, ensuring compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements and implementing decisions made by the board. The corporate secretary is not necessarily a human being. As a company secretary is not defined in the act, then for now they might not need a corporate secretary. Yes, everyone can be a director as s 154, CA06[39] states that a private company must have at least one director. Hence, it is possible to have 4 directors. A corporate director is a natural person acting as a director of the company. From the 1st of October 2010 all companies are required to have at least one natural director (s 155, CA06[40]) and his details must be stated in E1 of the IN01 form The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Usual Residential Address[41]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  it the usual home address of the natural person acting as the director and will not be available to the public record. Whereas, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Service Addressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  can be used to receive communications by third parties. The à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Service Addressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  can technically be the same as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“URAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . However, as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Service Addressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is publicly recorded, it is advised to use a different à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“URAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  so that the information is disclosed from the public. This has replaced the old system where only officers at serious risk could have their residential addresses kept off the public record; and with the old system the registered office could be the same as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“URAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [42]. The necessary information is given in sections D1-D5 of the IN01 Form and it is in accordance with s 165, CA06[43]. Part 3 Statement of Capital As soon as the Companies Act 1985 was in force, a company was required to have a nominal value of shares. This is a fixed amount prescribed by members (s 542, CA06)[44]; in our case, the nominal value is  £1. The Shares can never be issued at a discount (ss 552 and 580, CA06)[45], in other words, lower than their nominal value. The case of Ooregum Gold Mining Co v Roper [1892][46] illustrates this point when it refers to a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fixed amountà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for nominal value. On the other hand, the share premium is the amount received over and above the face value of the shares (anything over  £1) (s 610, CA06)[47]. Generally speaking there are no restrictions on who holds shares, but the company which cannot be a member of itself (Trevor v Whitworth (1887)[48]. However, there are some exceptions stated in s 659, CA06[49]: Treasury shares (s 724, CA06)[50]. Shares may be acquired for the purpose of capital maintenance. Ordinary shares are used to describe the shares of a company with only one class of shares. In the CA06 they are known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“equity sharesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . They are the simplest form of shares and generally carry one vote per share, but have no dividend rights attached to them (s 560)[51]. In contrast, Preference shares give the holder preferential rights, usually in dividends and/or return of capital when winding up the company. Preference shares are not defined in the Act, however, they are eligible to receive automatic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fixed preferential cumulative dividendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In other words, shareholders with Preference shares are entitled of any dividends that have been omitted in the past, and if more dividends are left then common shareholders receive those rights[52]. The statement of capital must be completed in F1-F5 of the IN01 form. H. Initial Shareholdings. When filling in section F5 all they need to be aware of is who has ownership of the company. The ownership is determined by the percentage of issued share capital that each shareholder owns. Parts 4 and 5 I. They do not need to complete both parts as part 4 is just for companies limited by guarantee (Charities). However, Part 5 needs to be completed by all companies (Statement of compliance). Final Page J. The fee owed to the companies house for registering depends if it is submitted electronically or by paper and if you need the same-day incorporation service. Below is a breakdown of the fees[53]: Electronic (Software) Same-day:  £30 Normal:  £13 Electronic (Web incorporation Service Normal:  £15 Paper Same-day:  £100 Normal:  £40 *Fees are subject to periodic change. You should always check the Companies House for current fees[54]. Articles of Association K. Tweaking the Articles Yes, referring back to E. II., our clients have chosen to use model articles with certain amendments of provisions. It is permissible to delete the reference to Article 8[55] in 7(1)[56] and Article 8 as long as they attach a copy of the changes before submission. However, Deleting Article 8 might interfere with Article 15[57] in the future. Thus, it is not advised to delete Article 8. Yes, they can change it but ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s irrelevant because Article 11(2)[58] states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“it must never be less than twoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Therefore, this already meets their requirements. Yes, they will have to amend/remove Article 17(1)(a)[59]. Article 26(5) of the model articles ensures that the directors have the authority to refuse anyone to register the transfer of a share. And, under Article 27(2)(a)[60], they may choose to become holder of these shares or have them transferred to another person. The default is two qualifying persons at a meeting (s 318 (2), CA06)[61]. In the scenario that they want to set the quorum at 3, then they will have to add that provision to article 38 of the model articles and again ensure that they attach the copy before registration. The directors have the authority if they decide to use a company seal or not (Article 49 (1))[62]. In that case, there is no need to remove this provision. L. After registration the company still has the power to amend any of its AoA (s 21, CA06[63]), which can be done under a special resolution (must be a resolution by the members passed by 75%) (s 283[64]). However, there are some limitations. For example, a clause limiting the company from amending is invalid as seen in the case of Punt v Symonds Co Ltd[65]. The alterations must be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“for the benefit of the company and the members as a wholeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [66]. Allen v Gold Reefs Of West Of Africa Ltd[67], in which it was held that alterations could not be inferred with the court unless the amendments were bona fide for the goodwill of the company, illustrates this point. Any amendments of the articles must again be sent to the registrar (s 26(1), CA06) and published (ss 1077/1078, CA06[68]). M. They should include a clause in the AoA about Erin. However, will she be bound by it? Case law suggests that she wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be bound it. The test is provided in H ickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-Breeders Association[69], and it stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an outsider to whom rights purport to be given by the articles in his capacity as such outsider, whether he is or subsequently becomes a member, cannot sue on those articles treating them as contracts between himself and the company to enforce those rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [70]. As Erin is Adam`s daughter, she might argue that she is not an outsider. However, in the eyes of the law she is not a member and thus an outsider. She might gain some third party rights under s 6(2) of Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999[71] but, this act does not apply to statutory contracts. The only scenario where Erin has rights, is if she creates a separate contract with the company outside the articles. Section 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Pre-incorporation Business N. Yes, s 51, CA06[72] allows for pre-incorporation contracts to be entered into. Prior to incorporation, the company does not yet exist, and an attempt to act on behalf of the company before the birth certificate[73] has no legal effect as the company may never be formed. A promoter needs to be assigned in order for the company to enter pre-incorporation contracts. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“promoterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is defined by Lord Cockburn CJ as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“one who undertakes to form a company with reference to a given project and to set it going, and who takes the necessary steps to accomplish that purposeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [74]. When signing contracts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“for and behalf ofà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  the company, the person authorizing it (promoter) will be usually held liable as seen in the case of Kelner v Baxter (1866-87)[75]. Promoters may exclude liability and still ensure that the contract is valid through two procedures. The first requires an express term in the pre-incorporated contract to exclude personal liability which may be done under the relevant section[76]. This option terminates the promoterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal liability once the company is incorporated. As confirmed in Phonogram Ltd v Lane [1982], where the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“subject to any agreement to the contraryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [77] were analyzed, and interpreted as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“unless otherwise agreedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [78]. Hence an exclusion of personal liability must be given[79] .However the promoter must never sign a contract in the name of the company prior to incorporation. As Goddard CJ stated in the case of Newborne v Sensolid Ltd (1954): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“as the company was not in existence when the contract was signed there was never a contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [80]. The Second Procedure is called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Novationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The newly formed company must create a new contract with the same previous terms. Ratification is not enough as it is now a different contract with the incorporated company instead of the promoter[81]. Section 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Corporate Entity O. It is important to remind ourselves, that this is a company private limited by shares. With that noted, the idea that their personal assets will be protected stems from the landmark case of Salomon v Salomon Co [1897][82]. The main principle of Salomon derives from the wording à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“separate Legal Entityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . To form a better understanding, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“separate legal entityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  means that the company acts as a juristic person in the eyes of the law thus, the individuals involved in the company are not personally liable if something should go wrong[83]. The company as its own legal person is liable for all its debts, not the owners. Therefore, only the company can be sued and not the members; risk only arises to the members if assets were purchased illegally. However, there are exceptions to this principle and this aspect is one of the most ambiguous areas in company law. This is where a court decides to ignore the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“separate legal personalityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ; and it was created by the landmark case through the wording à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the veil of incorporationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . There is no general principle on how a judge might decide to lift the corporate veil[84]. However, the corporate veil might be lifted where there is clear abuse of the corporate form. This was illustrated in the case of Jones v Lipman [1962][85] where an unlawful refusal to sell a house was made due to the sham transfer of the house to a company controlled by Lipman[86]. Thus abysmal circumstances might lead to personal liability if decided so by the judges. Bibliography Primary sources Cases Allen v Gold Reefs Of West Of Africa Ltd [1900] 1 Ch 656 Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-Breeders Association [1915] 1 Ch 88a Jones v Lipman[1962] 1 ALL 442 (ER) Kelner v Baxter[1866-87] 2 LR 174 (CP) Newborne v Sensolid (Great Britain) Ltd[1954] 1 QB 45 Ooregum Gold Mining Co v Roper [1892] AC 125 Phonogram Ltd v Lane[1982] QB 938 Punt v Symonds Co Ltd [1903] 2 Ch 506 Re Maidstone Buildings Provisions Ltd [1971] 1 WLR 1085 Re Northumberland Avenue Hotel Co Ltd[1886] 38 ChD 156 Salomon v Salomon Co [1897] 22 AC Supplies Ltd v Jerry Creighton Ltd[1951] 1 KB 42 Trevor v Whitworth (1887) 12 App Cas 409 Legislation Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008/3229 Companies Act 1985 Companies Act 2006 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 Geneva Conventions Act 1957 The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008 Secondary Sources Books Alexis Mavrikakis, Helen Watson, Christopher Morris and Nick Hancock,CLP Legal Practice Guides: Business and Company Legislation(College of Law Publishing, UK 2014/15) Alexis Mavrikakis, Helen Watson, Christopher Morris and Nick Hancock,CLP Legal Practice Guides: Business and Company Legislation(College of Law Publishing, UK 2012/13) Boyle and Birds,Company Law(8th, Jprdan Publishing Limited, Bristol 2011) Charles Wild and Stuart Weinstein,Company Law(16th, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh gate 2013) 74-77 L.S. Sealy,Cases And Materials In Company Law(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1971) Sealy and Worthingtons,Cases And Materials In Company Law(10th, Oxford, UK 2013 Susan McLaughlin,Unlocking Company Law(2nd, Routledge, Oxon 2013) Journals A Daehnert, The minimum capital requirement an anachronism under conservation: Part 1 [2009] Comp. Law G Scanlan, The Company Names Adjudicator A New Regime New Principles [2007] Comp. Law, 172 S Ottolengthi, From Peeping behind the Corporate Veil, to Ignoring It Completely [1990] Modern Law Review Tan Cheng-Han, Veil piercing a fresh start [2015] Journal of Business Law Dictionaries Woodley, M. G,Osborns concise law dictionary.(11th, Mick Woodley, London : Sweet Maxwell/Thomson Reuters 2009) Websites www.companieshouse.gov.uk Ben Pettet, Promoters and pre-incorporation contracts (Oxy.com 2013) https://law.oxy.co/promoters-and-pre-incorporation-contracts-91620/ accessed [1] CA85 [2] MoA [3] Companies Act 1985 s 2-6 [4] CA06 [5] Companies Act 2006 s 8(1)(b) [6] Woodley, M. G,Osborns concise law dictionary.(11th, Mick Woodley, London : Sweet Maxwell/Thomson Reuters 2009 ) 42 [7] IN01 Form [8] Companies Act 2006 s 9 [9] Companies Act 2006 s 2,10 [10] Companies Act 2006 s 9(2), 9(4), 9(5) and 9(6) [11] Charles Wild and Stuart Weinstein,Company Law(16th, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh gate 2013) 74-77 [12] Companies Act 2006 s 59(1) [13] https://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/ (WebCheck) [14] Companies Act 2006 s 66(1) [15] Companies Act 2006 s 1099 [16] Companies Act 2006 s 67(1) [17] SoS [18] Companies Act 2006 s 68(2) [19] Companies Act 2006 s 76(1) [20] Geneva Conventions Act 1957 [21] Geneva Conventions Act 1957 s 6(3) [22] G Scanlan, The Company Names Adjudicator A New Regime New Principles [2007] Comp. Law, 172 [23] Companies Act 2006 s 9(2)(b) [24] Supplies Ltd v Jerry Creighton Ltd[1951] 1 KB 42 [25] Companies Act 2006 s 86 [26] Charles Wil d and Stuart Weinstein,Company Law(16th, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh gate 2013) 98 [27] Companies Act 2006 s 15(2)(e) [28] Charles Wild and Stuart Weinstein,Company Law(16th, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh gate 2013) 97 [29] AoA [30] Companies Act 2006 s 18 [31] Companies Act 2006 s 33 [32] The Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008 [33] Alexis Mavrikakis, Helen Watson, Christopher Morris and Nick Hancock,CLP Legal Practice Guides: Business and Company Legislation(College of Law Publishing, UK 2014/15) 59 [34] Companies Act 2006 s 22,23 and 24 [35] Companies Act 2006 s 270(1) [36] Companies Act 1985 s 283 [37] Re Maidstone Buildings Provisions Ltd [1971] 1 WLR 1085 [38] Susan McLaughlin,Unlocking Company Law(2nd, Routledge, Oxon 2013) 235-236 [39] Companies Act 2006 s 154 [40] Companies Act 2006 s 155 [41] URA [42] Alexis Mavrikakis, Helen Watson, Christopher Morris and Nick Hancock,CLP Legal Practice Guides: Business and Company Legislation(College of Law Publis hing, UK 2012/13) 125-126 [43] Companies Act 2006 s 165 [44] Companies Act 2006 s 542 [45] Companies Act 2006 s 552 and 580 [46] Ooregum Gold Mining Co v Roper [1892] AC 125 [47] Companies Act 2006 s 610 [48] Trevor v Whitworth (1887) 12 App Cas 409 [49] Companies Act 2006 s 659 [50] Companies Act 2006 s 724 [51] Companies Act 2006 s 560 [52] Charles Wild and Stuart Weinstein,Company Law(16th, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh gate 2013) 157-60 [53] Companies Act 2006 s 1063 [54] https://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/toolsToHelp/ourPrices.shtml [55] Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008/3229 Article 8 [56] Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008/3229 Article 7(1) [57] Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008/3229 Article 15 [58] Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008/3229 Article 11(2) [59] Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008/3229 Article 17(1)(a) [60] Companies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008/3229 Article 27(2)(a) [61] Companies Act 2006 s 318(2) [62] Com panies (Model Articles) Regulations 2008/3229 Article 49(1) [63] Companies Act 2006 s 21 [64] Companies Act 2006 s 283 [65] Punt v Symonds Co Ltd [1903] 2 Ch 506 [66] Boyle and Birds,Company Law(8th, Jprdan Publishing Limited, Bristol 2011) 123-130 [67] Allen v Gold Reefs Of West Of Africa Ltd [1900] 1 Ch 656 [68] Companies Act 2006 ss 1077/1078 [69] Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-Breeders Association [1915] 1 Ch 88a [70] Sealy and Worthingtons,Cases And Materials In Company Law(10th, Oxford, UK 2013) 254 [71] Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 s 6(2) [72] Companies Act 2006 s 51 [73] s 15, Companies Act 2006 [74] L.S. Sealy,Cases And Materials In Company Law(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1971) 19 [75] Kelner v Baxter[1866-87] 2 LR 174 (CP) [76] s 51, Companies Act 2006 [77] Phonogram Ltd v Lane[1982] QB 938 [78] Charles Wild and Stuart Weinstein,Company Law(16th, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh gate 2013) 71 [79] S 51, Companies Act 2006 [80] Newborne v Sensolid (Great Britain) Ltd[1954] 1 QB 45 [81] Re Northumberland Avenue Hotel Co Ltd[1886] 38 ChD 156 [82] Salomon v Salomon Co [1897] 22 AC [83] Susan McLaughlin,Unlocking Company Law(2nd, Routledge, Oxon 2013) 64-68 [84] S Ottolengthi, From Peeping behind the Corporate Veil, to Ignoring It Completely [1990] Modern Law Review 338-350, 338 [85] Jones v Lipman[1962] 1 ALL 442 (ER) [86] Charles Wild and Stuart Weinstein,Company Law(16th, Pearson Education Limited, Edinburgh gate 2013) 35-48

The United Nations Educational, Scientific And Cultural...

If you are a fan of history, then the UK has a stunning number of heritage destinations. The rich culture of the misty island has even resulted in a number of listings in the World Heritage Program. VoucherBin looked at the favourite UK World Heritage Sites and the reasons these destinations are such a good destination for a visit. What are World Heritage Sites? The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) keeps a list of sights that have special cultural or physical significance. The list is conducted by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, which is composed of 21 UNESCO member states. These member states rotate and are elected by the UN General Assembly. As mentioned above, the program catalogues,†¦show more content†¦The most recent addition was the inclusion of Forth Bridge in 2015. 5 stunning World Heritage Sites you should visit It’s quite a difficult task to pick the best heritage sites from a wide selection of 25. But we wanted to make sure the attractions include a site from each of the countries in the UK: from Scotland, Wales, England and Northern Island. We also added a bonus attraction from the capital city of the UK, London. Fountains Abbey, North Yorkshire, England Fountains Abbey is among the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. The abbey was founded in 1131, after 13 monks were expelled from the St Mary’s Abbey in York. The Archbishop of York, Thurstan, provided these monks refuge and a small piece of land, where they set the monastery. The monastery grew in size over the years, with the precinct covering around 70 acres of land. The abbey operated for over 400 years, closing in 1539 when Henry VIII ordered the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Fountains Abbey was among the first UK entries on the UNESCO World Heritage site list. It was added on 1986, as a cultural site. Why visit Fountains Abbey: Fountains Abbey is a stunning attraction to visit and to learn about life in monasteries – something which was one central to the way of life on the island. The vast location offers plenty of things to see; you can visit indoor museums and spend time outdoors taking in the stunning views across the ruins.

Causes Of The American Revolution - 738 Words

Picture it, America 1765. All of the happy joyful citizens, all of the murder and bloodshed. What a utopia. Actually, 1765 was the start of the war known as the American Revolution, or the Revolutionary War. The American Revolution was a war between the colonists of America and Great Britain and they were fighting over the independence of America from Britain. This war lasted until 1781, when the British surrendered to the Americans, As a result, America is a fully independent country and it has stayed that way since that day. There were many causes of the war, The Stamp Act, the Boston Tea Party, and Lexington and Concord. The first cause of the American Revolution was the Stamp Act that was passed for Britain to gain money from the†¦show more content†¦This outraged the colonists, especially the ones from Massachusetts. As a result of this act, the colonists assembled the First Continental Congress. The First Continental Congress had fifty six delegates from the colonies meet in Philadelphia to discuss American rights. They agreed that the colonies had the rights to run their own affairs and if the British used military force, they would fight back. This congress was very important because it signifies the colonists working together in unison against the British. A huge factor in the start of the Revolutionary War was the battle of Lexington and Concord. Known as â€Å"The Shot Heard ‘Round The World,† the fight at Lexington and Concord started as a result of the British plan to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock and destroy the colonists weapon supply. On the night of April 18, Paul Revere, Samuel Prescott and William Dawes warned the colonists that, â€Å"The British are coming!† The very next day, the American minutemen and the British soldiers fought at Lexington, Massachusetts and the British won. Next, they moved to Concord, Massachusetts and the colonists won through guerilla warfare. This was an important event in the cause of the American Revolution because it showed the British that the Americans were ready for war, and more importantly, the Americans, that they had a shot at winning. Subsequently, the Americans formed the Second Continental Congress to discuss whether theyShow MoreRelatedThe Revolution : The Cause Of The American Revolution1898 Words   |  8 Pages The American Revolution was the turning point for the colonies that made up the United States today. It was the war that freed the colonists from British control. But what actually caused the American Revolution? Well, there’s no simple answer to that question. In fact, most of the causes acted as if they were dominoes. These events can be categorized in four periods of time or setting. These groups are, Salutary neglect, Mercantilism, Boston, and Unity of protests. Salutary neglect was the ideaRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1202 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history many revolutions took place, ranging from the unremarkable to a truly memorable, as the French revolution, the American Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution, but American revolution took place in 1775-1783. The r evolution was different from other revolution because of growing tensions between residents of Great Britain’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government because American revolution was not like the others. This revolution was not like the others becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution913 Words   |  4 Pages While the american revolution was caused from taxes, it was also formed from the effects of a corrupt system of government. The effects of britains rule was a much bigger flame for the revolution then the taxes placed upon citizens. The american revolution was an event that will forever shape us as a country. It was a tough war filled with blood and brutal acts of violence, but it was also an awakening for the colonies that will later become the United States, it showed that while under a governmentRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution880 Words   |  4 Pages The American Revolution is the most important time in all of American history. This brought the birth of a new country and the treasured constitution. In the beginning, colonists were proud to be British. In the years to come, there were small occurrences that bothered the colonists and led to the Revolution. Other countries contributed to the start of a crueller British control. The French and Indian War caused King George III to introduce expensive taxes (Pavao). These taxes came about becauseRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1335 Words   |  6 Pageswere multiple causes for the American Revolution, but the most important was the violation and deprivation of rights from the American People. The American people were faced with multiple acts and taxes that violated and took away their rights. Americans were continuously being taxed after the French and Indian War by acts like the sugar act, the stamp act, the Townshend acts,the tea act, and many more(Hedtke, et al., The Ame rican Saga). Despite all the taxes being placed on the Americans and the thingsRead MoreCauses of the American Revolution953 Words   |  4 PagesEmily Thou Mr. G./ Period 1 September 14, 2012 Causes of the American Revolution The American Revolution began in 1755 as an open conflict between the thirteen colonies and Great Britain. The Treaty of Paris had ended that war in 1783, giving the colonies their own independence. There are many factors contributing to the start of the Revolution, but the war began as the way The Great Britain treated the colonies versus the way the colonies felt they should be treated. For example, the FrenchRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution886 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution began on April 19, 1775. It was the war between Great Britain and its colonies located in the New World. The colonists, as many historians put it, were like children rebelling against the motherland; however, they had many valid reasons for this revolt, including their desire for freedom and independence. My World History textbook says freedom was falsely promised when the colonists had settled (Krull 868). The more direct causes of this widely known rebellion include taxesRead MoreCaus es Of The American Revolution1344 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Revolution The causes of the American Revolution go back to the beginning of salutary neglect and the French and Indian War, as well as changes in the thinking of society. The effects of these events and other factors led to pressure within the colonies, ultimately resulting in rebellion. There were five factors to the nature of the American Revolution: The Environment, The Enlightenment, Self-Government, Economic Independence and Colonial Unity. The first factor that led to the AmericanRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution813 Words   |  4 PagesCauses Before the American Revolution, any imports from England from us had to come in ships owned by the British. Also, we could only sell tobacco and sugar to England. The British took French territory in Canada, east of the Mississippi River, and Spanish Florida which led to the American Revolution. Due to the war, Britain went in debt so, the British government placed taxes on goods so they could make more money. But that’s not all that led to the American Revolution, both the us and the FrenchRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1008 Words   |  5 PagesThe American revolution, the war that helped make America what it is today. However, America did not become the land of the free and home of the brave overnight. Like many wars before, one single event did not cause the American Revolution. After years of disagreement on how Britain should rule the American colonies, the colonists declared their independence and sparked a revolution. By the late 1600s, England pushed to strengthen their control over the existing American colonies by enforcing mercantilism

The Problem of Sexual Assault on College Campuses - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2814 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Sexual Assault On College Campuses Essay Did you like this example? â€Å"These are the best four years of your life.† These are the words that ring in the ears of every student in the year leading up to college and throughout the entirety of the experience. However, for many young adults, college can be a time of vulnerability and paranoia in regards to their safety rather than an exciting new stage of life that is filled with independence and learning. In recent years, the topic of sexual assault on college campuses has become a more relevant issue in the eyes of the public, especially as new statistics and research emerge on the subject. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Problem of Sexual Assault on College Campuses" essay for you Create order Due to historical implications and common societal responses, sexual assaults on college campuses frequently go unreported, which largely benefits the attacker while simultaneously punishing the victim, and reinforces stereotypes held against minority groups, creating a vicious cycle of oppression. Historically speaking, rape was viewed as an â€Å"offense against the woman’s father or husband† rather than â€Å"an injury to her† (McGregor 3). Fathers were concerned about protecting their daughter’s chastity to ensure eligibility for marriage, and a woman’s husband needed to guarantee that any child his wife gave birth to was biologically his own (McGregor 3). The social and legal ramifications of this outlook gave the impression that raping a woman could be used as a weapon to wound the social standing of a man, rather than giving the impression that she was a person being physically and mentally harmed against her will. Due to this mindset, the well-being of a woman was not taken into consideration, causing a series of effects. Since the concern was keeping women pure and preventing the birth of an illegitimate child, other forms of sexual assault and violence were not seen as criminal acts. To this day, both society and the justice system have difficulty recognizing â€Å"non consensual sex without force† as a crime due to the fact that, legally, force is interpreted as â€Å"extreme physical force † (McGregor 4). This historical and modern view of sexual violence typically excludes cases of date or acquaintance rape, along with other instances of sexual violence, making it difficult to prosecute the attacker for their crime. Most cases of sexual assault and misconduct are seen as illegitimate and are easily dismissed as â€Å"boys will be boys†, an â€Å"exaggeration by the woman†, or something the victim was â€Å"asking for† (Schwartz et al. 20). Many believe that charges of sexual violence including date or acquaintance rape happen when a victim feels â€Å"guilty after a sexual encounter† and â€Å"cries ‘rape’ in order to ease [their] conscience† (Bohmer et al. 32). This mindset held by the public and the legal system maliciously undermines the victim’s reliability and creates a more difficult process in pursuing justice. The societal and legal response around rape and sexual assault has maintained the agenda of protecting everyone b ut the victim, making the process of reporting an act of sexual violence a daunting task. Many victims of rape or sexual assault do not report the crime due to the fear of damaging repercussions, leading to the misconception that the issue is not as common as it actually is, especially on college campuses. The reality of sexual assault on college campuses was never fully comprehended until the 1980s when social scientists collected data and realized that â€Å"sexual assault was far more prevalent than indicated in official government statistics† (Phillips 141,142). According to a study performed in 2015 at the University of Pennsylvania, 33.5% of female undergraduate students and 24.5% of male undergraduate students in the survey reported experiencing sexual harassment, stalking, sexual assault, or other misconduct (Cantor et al. 3, 4). In the same study, students who were victims of â€Å"penetrative acts involving force† were asked why the incident was not reported. The evidence showed that 35.6% of the victims were afraid of the â€Å"negative social consequences†, 34.4% were afraid of the emotional repercussions of reporting the incident, and 31.7% â€Å"did not think anything would be done about it† (Cantor et al. 18). These reasons for not reporting sexual assaults are all legitimate concerns that stem from how similar cases have previously been handled by the justice system. In many cases of sexual assault on campus, victims who decide to report the crime to campus authorities are manipulated into not pursuing legal or judicial authorities (Bohmer et. al 18). Additionally, many college campuses focus on the frequency of rapes that occur, which widely â€Å"overlooks the extent to which† victims are subject to â€Å"other forms of sexual victimization† (Phillips 154). College campuses will present statistics showing how rape rarely happens on their campus, but do not include other forms of sexual violence, once ag ain creating the facade that sexual victimization on campus is a rare occurrence. One of the most challenging issues that victims face through the legal process is proving their reliability and presenting their case in a way that will be interpreted as an act of sexual violence committed against them. In cases of rape and sexual assault, definitions vary between each state, however the three main elements necessary for a â€Å"successful prosecution† are â€Å"identification of the rapist, the use of threat or force, and penetration against the victim’s will and without [their] consent† (Gordon et al. 57). Many victims who decide to pursue legal action come under fire during the case due to how difficult it can be to prove all three aspects, and in most cases, the question of whether or not the crime is considered an act of sexual violence comes into play. The definition widely used by the judicial system tends to exclude other unwanted sexual acts or advances, making it more difficult for the victim to prove that the incident was a crime. Mos t victims are subject to â€Å"take a polygraph test† in order to prove the validity of the alleged sexual assault, however the same standard is not upheld for the attacker (Gordon et al. 57). Cases that do end up going to court usually are supported differently based on gender. Studies found that women are â€Å"generally more favorable to the victim† while men â€Å"react less favorably†, and in many cases of sexual violence, the law protects the attacker against the prosecution and rarely takes into account the perspective of the victim (Allison et. al 182; McGregor 27). Legally, the process of reporting sexual violence is unfavorable towards victims and does not create a sense of trust for the justice system. Not only are acts of sexual violence damaging to the victim and society, but they also reveal underlying prejudices that exist in terms of race. The preexisting racial prejudice in America makes most legal encounters for people of color more difficult than for white people, including cases of sexual violence. Studies and court cases have shown that â€Å"sex offenders are more likely to be white (as are their victims)† (Meloy et al. 88). However, according to an article written by â€Å"The Atlantic†, the issue of race regarding sexual assaults on campuses is â€Å"almost completely unacknowledged by the government† because the Office for Civil Rights does not require colleges to report the race of the victim and the attacker in â€Å"sexual-assault complaints† (Yoffe 3). Therefore, when a victim reports an issue to campus officials, but does not pursue legal action, there is no official data recorded on race, leaving the interpretation up to popular news outlets and viewpoints of the public. America’s history of racism typically portrayed â€Å"scandals in which black men are accused of sexually assaulting white women† contributing to the â€Å"general social disadvantage† for black men, making it easy for the judicious system and the public to â€Å"put the blame on them† (Halley 11,12). However, black men only represent â€Å"about 6 percent of college undergraduates† but are visibly â€Å"overrepresented† in cases that are consistently tracked (Yoffee 6). Minority groups on campus, especially men of color, deal with an overall â€Å"lack of resources† on college campuses that may â€Å"systematically disadvantage men of color in adjudication, whether or not the encounter was interracial† (Yoffe 8). However, this given information does not provide immunity to all men of color who are accused of committing an act of sexual violence. Sexual violence can happen within and between all different races, however, the evidence shows that there is a severe misconception of the number of colored men that allegedly commit sexual assault. The issue of sexual assault and race is complicatedly intertwined with class. As it is with the majority of crimes, there is an overall advantage given to more affluent people because of their ability to hire competent legal counsel. On college campuses, the people that generally fall into a higher social class status are white men, the group that commits the largest amount of sexual violence on college campuses. Therefore, the people who are committing the majority of these crimes are able to use their money to hire skilled defense attorneys for assistance, while minority groups may be forced to accept whatever defense attorney is provided for them. Additionally, investigations through universities typically take action in a swift manner when the accused is a minority, and many minority suspects are subject to â€Å"abrupt expulsions† without a sufficient amount of evidence to do so (Yoffe 9). The issues of race and class persist through sexual violence, and can be used to i ncriminate those who are innocent, harming the popular opinion of minority groups, while simultaneously stalling progress towards effective policy changes. Race and class are not the only political issues that complicate sexual violence cases. Gender plays a significant role in who is seen as a legitimate victim, along with who is likely to report incidents of sexual misconduct and violence committed against them. Most legal cases, studies, and sources focus on the victimization of women who have experienced sexual violence. Statistically speaking, women are the most targeted group for crimes of assault and rape, but they are not the only ones who are targeted. A significant number of gender and sexual minorities are subject to sexual assault, but are rarely seen as victims. In comparison to cisgender women, â€Å"cisgender men† are â€Å"less likely to report harassment† (Martin-Storey et al. 704). The tendency for cisgender men to avoid reporting harassment stems from societal misconceptions that any sexual acts performed on a man, no matter who it is performed by, were consensual. Additionally, coming forward as a victim of sexual violence is not perceived as â€Å"masculine†, which can create a sense of shame for the victims of unwanted sexual advances, eventually causing the victim to internalize the societal attitude and falsely accept that, on some level, he did want the encounter to take place. The â€Å"differential treatment† between genders creates a system that adequately protects male victims (McGregor 13). Studies have also shown that people from the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer community, commonly referred to as the LGBTQ community, are more likely to report unwanted sexual behaviors compared to their heterosexual and cisgendered counterparts (Martin-Storey et al. 704). However, these cases are rarely acknowledged publicly because of how great of a minority the LGBTQ community is. Similar to cisgender male victims, reports against these people are not taken seriously due to the fact that their sexual orientation or p reference is not heteronormative. Sexual assault is not an isolated feminine issue, however, due to historical implications and numerous forms of sexism and oppression, females are generally the only group that are classified as victims. The most notable policy change that has been made is the Title IX civil right law. The law states that â€Å"no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance† (US Department of Education). The Title IX Resource Guide provided by the US Department of Education clearly states that all â€Å"gender-based harassment† committed against students belonging to the LGBTQ community needs to be handled using the â€Å"same procedures and standards† that are used in â€Å"all complaints involving sex-based harassment† (16). While it is difficult to fully maintain and uphold the rules enforced by Title IX due to the interpretations of sexual harassment and previously mentioned historical and social implications, the law creates a sense of morale for people who have been battling the issues of sexual violence on college campuses for a long time. Title IX began to address sexual violence and harassment that occurred on campuses, but the use of the law has been â€Å"more powerful as a rhetorical tool than a legal remedy† in combating sexual violence (Phillips 148). Changes in political policy can be slow and difficult to enforce, but the social effects can be just as, or even more powerful, than the policy itself. In order to create reasonable change in a timely manner, revisions must be made in areas besides political policy. One possible change that can be made is by establishing universal terminology and definitions surround sexual violence. In many codes written by colleges, terms regarding sexual violence such as â€Å"sexual abuse, sexual assault, [and] acquaintance rape† are used without being defined (Bohmer et al. 185). By clearly defining the differences between different unwanted sexual behaviors, a more standardized process can be created, and victims may begin to have more confidence in the legal system. Another term that must be clearly defined is â€Å"consent†. In many legal cases, the question of whether or not the victim consented comes into play, but personal definitions may vary. For example, if a sexual harassment guideline states that sexual assault is forcing sexual acts on a person without their consent, a reader might believe that having sexual intercourse with someone passed out from intoxication is not sexual assault because the victim was unable to verbally reject (Bohmer et al. 186). The issue of consent is essential for standardizing legal cases and should be integrated into campus judicial systems during the process of determining guilt. Although there has been no statistical research done on the program due to how new the program is, implementing programs that begin in high school to create peer support could potentially bring down the number of sexual assault campuses on college campuses. Many men find it â€Å"uncomfortable† to talk to their male peers about â€Å"giving up power† and confronting them on their sexually inappropriate behavior (Schwartz et al. 165). However, programs such as Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) have dedicated resources to â€Å"facilitate discussions† about â€Å"relationships, drinking, sexual assault, and rape† as early as freshman year of high school (Starecheski 20). Students who have gone through the program and who have been surveyed reported that their attitude towards â€Å"sexual assault, and intervening in dangerous situations† has shifted, and the program has even helped guide students in real life scenarios of intervening in potential s exual violence attempts (Starcheski 26, 34). Creating similar programs and encouraging discussion on the difficult subject are simple ways that can help prevent painful and expensive ramifications down the road. Historical implications and common societal responses have frequently caused sexual assaults on college campuses to go unreported, and continues to reinforces stereotypes held against minority groups. However, successful efforts have been made to combat the daunting reality of sexual violence, and if these efforts continue to grow and influence more change, the number of people affected potentially could be reduced. College should be a time filled with fun memories, growth, and independence. In order to ensure an equal opportunity for each student, society and legal systems must continuously work together to protect each student from sexual violence, and give them the confidence that their voice will be heard. Works Cited Allison, Julie A., and Lawrence S. Wrightsman. Rape, the Misunderstood Crime. Sage Publications, 1993. Bohmer, Carol, and Andrea Parrot. Sexual Assault on Campus: the Problem and the Solution. Lexington Books, 1993. Cantor, David, et al. Report on the AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct . Westat , 21 Sept. 2015. Gordon, Margaret T., and Stephanie Riger. The Female Fear. The Free Press, 1989. Halley, Janet. â€Å"Trading the Megaphone for the Gavel in Title IX Enforcement.† Harvard Law Review, 2015, harvardlawreview.org/2015/02/trading-the-megaphone-for-the-gavel-in-title-ix-enforcement-2/. Martin-Storey, Alexa, et al. â€Å"Sexual Violence on Campus: Differences Across Gender and Sexual Minority Status.† Journal of Adolescent Health, vol. 62, no. 6, 2018, pp. 701–707., doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.12.013. Meloy, Michelle L., and Susan L. Miller. The Victimization of Women: Law, Policies, and Politics. Oxford University Press, 2011. McGregor, Joan. Is It Rape?: on Acquaintance Rape and Taking Womens Consent Seriously. Ashgate, 2005. Phillips, Nickie D. Beyond Blurred Lines: Rape Culture in Popular Media. Rowman Littlefield, 2017. Schwartz, Martin D., and Walter S. Dekeseredy. Sexual Assault on the College Campus: the Role of Male Peer Support. SAGE Publications, 1997. Starecheski, Laura. â€Å"The Power Of The Peer Group In Preventing Campus Rape.† NPR, NPR, 18 Aug. 2014, www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2014/08/18/339593542/the-power-of-the-peer-group-in-preventing-campus-rape. â€Å"Title IX and Sex Discrimination.† Home, US Department of Education (ED), 25 Sept. 2018. US Department of Education â€Å"Title IX Resource Guide.† Title IX Resource Guide, Distributed by ERIC Clearinghouse, 2015. Yoffe, Emily. â€Å"The Question of Race in Campus Sexual-Assault Cases.† The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 30 Oct. 2017, www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2017/09/the-question-of-race-in-campus-sexual-assault-cases/539361/.

The Between Rock Stars And Celebrities - 868 Words

Although a lot has changed since the early 1980’s, I agree with McFadden that the art of writing is being diminished by the stance that the masculine based English Language needs to be neutered. Gender neutrality is one of the main talking points in the United States today. The fact that Rock Stars and celebrities are weighing in on the topic means that the majority of the populace is actually paying attention. Although the biggest issue being which bathroom a certain individual can and cannot use is taking the main stage, there are other issues like how to address a person in a writing style. The English language is evolving under our eyes and we have the power to change how Politically Correct or Literally Correct writing will become in further generations. The flow of reading is a beautiful thing that can be lost when adding slashes and hyphens to identify the same group as before. Without a proper guideline there are already more ways to identify a group then I know. Different groups keep coming inventing PC prefixes to represent themselves without feeling repressed by The Man. Another point is that you cannot change a language without changing the society first. Whilst reading Shakespeare, methinks it arrant that language oft befall thy present society. This was the normal tongue and writing language only a few hundred years ago and now it is an archaic writing style that very few can interpret. My third piece of evidence is that masculinity can be overcome by aShow MoreRelatedMarilyn Manson s Music Video Based On A Song The Dope Show From The Album Mechanical1089 Words   |  5 Pages1998 and has its premiere on 20th August in the same year. In the music video can be seen the leader of the rock band, Marilyn Manson himself, who appears in the area of Hollywood Hills as an androgynous, red-haired person. In the further part of the video the singer is being kept in a mysterious laboratory and then transported to a place where he performs a music concert as a leader of his rock band. He performs in front of amazed fans who are being under control of the police. The video starts withRead MoreHow Elvis Influenced And Changed The Entertainment Industry Of Rock N Roll Era1408 Words   |  6 Pagesthe entertainment industry of Rock ‘n’ Roll† the reader must first clearly define and understand the timing and age of the development of his musical career as well as the characteristics of his music. When attempting to clearly understand the implications of his influence on the era, the reader must fully comprehend his early life and the development of his musical career, the type of music he portrayed to his audience, and how he revolutionized and influenced Rock ‘n’ Roll. 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This vital circumstance is called the brand success. The strategies, making consumers satisfied require understanding the products and the customers’ behaviours. Moreover, the company should aware that clients’ relationship between goods and lifestyle must not be paradoxical. This essay will discuss three strategies that the energy drink companies use to apply to their products to become popular with adolescents. Pricing is a major strategy. It has been used by energy drinkRead MoreEssay on Susan Bordos Beauty(Re)Discovers the Male Body1453 Words   |  6 Pagesdirection; there should be no difference between men and women! Before I get into the ads I want to define à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rocks and leanersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The rocks present themselves as powerful, armored and emotionally impenetrable. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I am a rock; their bodies seem to proclaimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Bordo 203). The dominance is important to describe the rock. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Who can stare the other man down? Who will avert his eyes first? Whose gaze will be triumphant?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Bordo 203). Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s like the rock is trying to challenge you through his gazeRead MoreImportance Of Fashion And Its Effect On Society890 Words   |  4 Pagesyou’re trying to fit into poplar and social crowds or trying to look like your favorite celebrity, your showing creativity. People demonstrate more happiness when they create something. A great example of this is when a person has an outfit hanging in their closet that has never been worn and decided that this occasion would be a great time to wear the assemble they created comp lete with accessories and rock it to the nines and people compliment them on the outfit this boosts the persons creativityRead MoreThe ‘60s: Culture and Music Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagespeople have expressed themselves through music during flourishing and turbulent times. In the 1930’s, Swing music created a platform for audiences to vent their emotions in the midst of Great Depression and political unrest. Such strong relationship between music and culture can be seen throughout history, especially in the sixties. The ‘60s were the age of youth, as millions of children’s from post World War II became teenagers and rebelled against the conservative fifties. Denying civil rights toRead MoreEssay Class Consciousness in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice1173 Words   |  5 Pagespresent-day social class system is more flexible than it was in the 1700s, members of the elite, especially celebrities, are still more apt to marry other upper-class citizens, rather than their social inferiors. For example, it is expected by society, and usually veritable that rock stars, actors and models tend to pursue partners from a comparable social class. Similarly, a marriage between Fitzwilliam Darcy and Anne de Bourgh, daughter of the distinguished Lady Catherine de Bourgh, is expected because